Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī
- Born:
- c. 1058, Tus, Persia (present-day Iran)
- Died:
- December 19, 1111, Tus, Persia (present-day Iran)
- Nationality:
- Persian
- Profession(s):
- Islamic Theologian, Jurist, Philosopher, Mystic
Early Life and Education
- Born into a pious family in Tus, Khorasan (present-day Iran).
- Received early education in Tus, later studying in Jurjan and Nishapur.
- Studied under the renowned scholar al-Juwayni (Imam al-Haramayn) at the Nizamiyya Madrasa in Nishapur.
Career and Major Achievements
- Appointed chief professor at the Nizamiyya Madrasa in Baghdad in 1091 CE, a highly prestigious position.
- Experienced a profound spiritual crisis around 1095 CE, leading to a temporary abandonment of his academic career.
- Undertook a period of asceticism and spiritual reflection in Damascus, Jerusalem, and Mecca.
- Returned to teaching at the Nizamiyya Madrasa in Nishapur in 1106 CE.
- Dedicated his later years to writing and spreading his teachings.
Notable Works
- Iḥyā' 'Ulūm al-Dīn (The Revival of the Religious Sciences): A comprehensive work on Islamic ethics, spirituality, and law.
- Tahāfut al-Falāsifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers): A critique of Neoplatonic philosophy.
- al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl (Deliverance from Error): An autobiographical work detailing his spiritual journey.
- Mishkat al-Anwar (The Niche of Lights): A mystical treatise on the nature of God.
Legacy and Impact
Al-Ghazālī is considered one of the most influential Islamic thinkers of all time. His work synthesized theology, philosophy, and Sufism, profoundly shaping Islamic thought and practice. Scholars often refer to "keutamaan wirid imam al ghazali biography" to understand his significant contribution to Islamic spirituality and practice, demonstrating the enduring importance of his legacy for those seeking spiritual guidance. He is credited with revitalizing Sunni Islam and reconciling it with Sufism. His writings continue to be studied and revered by Muslims worldwide.